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oth the creators and consumers of these new forms, shaping a modernist discourse that was not Eurocentric but deeply influenced by colonial histories. At the same time, modernism’s emphasis on breaking with tradition sometimes echoed colonial calls for “progress,” in

gation into a Political Enigma In the realm of European political history, few figures embody the intricate dance between ideology and circumstance as vividly as Karl August Varnhagen von E. A name that, until recent scholarship, lingere