malformations

ortened limbs resembling flippers. Notably associated with thalidomide embryopathy. 3. Nervous System Malformations a. Anencephaly Absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp. Recognizable by large scalp defects and absence of calvarium. b. S

lar malformations such as AVMs are less common but carry significant morbidity due to hemorrhagic complications. Modifiable risk factors include hypertension, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption. G